Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator of the Relationship between Anxiety, Compulsive Exercise and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Adolescents.

Anxiety has been suggested to be a key contributing factor for compulsive exercise, however, existing literature has demonstrated contradictory relationships between anxiety and compulsive exercise among adolescents. According to the Emotional Cascade Model (ECM), factors such as rumination and emotional suppression may mediate the association between affect and exercise. The current study therefore aimed to investigate whether rumination and emotional suppression mediate the relationship between anxiety and compulsive exercise in predicting ED symptoms in adolescents. Questionnaires assessing compulsive exercise, anxiety, depressive rumination, emotional suppression, and ED symptoms were completed by 212 adolescent males (Mage = 13.39, SD = 1.22) and 189 adolescent females (Mage = 13.64, SD = 1.29). The structural equation model showed indirect effects between anxiety and compulsive exercise through rumination and emotional suppression in males but not in females. Moreover, anxiety had an indirect effect on eating disorder symptoms through rumination, emotional suppression and compulsive exercise in both males and females. In line with ECM, the results suggest that rumination and emotional suppression may have a key role in the association between anxiety, compulsive exercise and eating disorder symptoms in adolescents. These findings suggest that compulsive exercise may be used as a dysfunctional coping mechanism to escape from a negative emotional cascade generated by the interaction of anxiety, rumination and emotional suppression. Future longitudinal studies to test the role of compulsive exercise as a dysfunctional behaviour in the ECM are needed.

Conocimiento táctico de niños de siete-13 años en función del contexto deportivo / Tactical knowledge of seven-13 years old children depending on their sport context

Se analizaron las diferencias de conocimiento táctico de niños de siete a 13 años de tres contextos deportivos distintos, escolar, específico y recreativo. Los participantes completaron el Test de Conocimiento Táctico Ofensivo en Fútbol y se analizaron los resultados en función de la edad, experiencia y el contexto deportivo. La edad y la experiencia correlacionaron significativamente con el conocimiento táctico (r = ,31; r= ,41; r= ,53), aunque la magnitud de estas correlaciones fue baja (r < ,70) conforme a la consideración de valores clasificados como coeficientes aceptables (Gregory, 2000). Los participantes en el contexto específico demostraron conocimientos significativamente superiores a los del contexto escolar: declarativo (Z = -8,29; p = ,00; r = ,42), procedimental (Z = -5,39; p = ,00; r = ,27) y táctico (Z = -6,85, p = .00, r = .34). Los participantes en el contexto recreativo presentaron conocimientos significativamente superiores a los del contexto escolar: declarativo (Z = -6,63; p = ,00; r = ,36), procedimental (Z = -5,15; p = ,00; r = ,28) y táctico (Z = -6,63; p = ,00; r = ,36). No se observaron diferencias entre los contextos específico y recreativo. Los hallazgos demuestran que la edad y la experiencia no eran la causa principal de las diferencias observadas. Probablemente, las posibilidades de aprendizaje propias del contexto en el que se encontraban los participantes afectaron a su nivel de conocimientos. Por este motivo, son necesarios más estudios que analicen la relación entre el conocimiento táctico y otras variables como las metodologías de enseñanza de los deportes empleadas en los diferentes contextos deportivos (AU)

Foi analisado o conhecimento tático de crianças com idades entre os sete e os 13 anos, provenientes de três contextos desportivos diferentes (escolar, recreativo e específico). Os participantes completaram o Teste de Conhecimento Tático de Futebol e os resultados foram analisados de acordo com a idade, experiência e contexto desportivo dos indivíduos. A idade e a experiência correlacionaram-se significativamente com o conhecimento tático (r = 31; r = 41; r = 53), embora a magnitude dessas correlações fosse baixa (r <70) de acordo com a consideração de resultados classificados como coeficientes aceitáveis (Gregory, 2000). Os participantes do contexto específico apresentaram um conhecimento significativamente mais elevado do que os indivíduos do contexto escolar: declarativo (Z = -8,29; p =, 00; r =, 42), procedimental (Z = -5,39; p = 27) e conhecimento tático (Z = -6,85, p = 0,00, r = 0,34). Os participantes do contexto recreativo obtiveram pontuação significativamente maior do que os indivíduos do contexto escolar: declarativo (Z = -6,63; p =, 00; r = 36), procedimental (Z = -5,15; p =, 00; r = 28 ) e conhecimento tático (Z = -6,63; p =, 00; r =, 36). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os contextos específicos e recreativos. Os resultados mostram que idade e experiência não foram as principais causas das diferenças observadas. Provavelmente, as possibilidades de aprendizagem específicas de cada contexto afetaram o conhecimento dos participantes. São necessários mais estudos para examinar a relação entre o conhecimento tático e outras variáveis como as metodologias de ensino dos desportos utilizadas em diferentes contextos desportivos (AU)

Differences in tactical knowledge of children aged seven-13 years from three different sports contexts (school, recreation and specific) were analyzed. Participants completed the Soccer Tactical Knowledge Test and results were analyzed according to the age, experience and sport context of the individuals. Age and experience correlated significantly with the tactical knowledge (r = ,31; r= ,41; r= ,53), although the magnitude of these correlations was low (r < ,70) according to the consideration of results classified as acceptable coefficients (Gregory, 2000). Specific context participants showed significantly higher knowledge than the school context individuals: declarative (Z = -8,29; p = ,00; r = ,42), procedural (Z = -5,39; p = ,00; r = ,27) and tactical knowledge (Z = -6,85, p = .00, r = .34). Recreational context participants scored significantly higher than the school context individuals: declarative (Z = -6,63; p = ,00; r = ,36), procedural (Z = -5,15; p = ,00; r = ,28) and tactical knowledge (Z = -6,63; p = ,00; r = ,36). No differences were observed between specific and recreational contexts. Findings show that age and experience were not the main cause of the differences observed. Probably, the specific possibilities of learning of each context affected to the participants’ knowledge. More studies are needed to examine the relationship between tactical knowledge and other variables such as teaching sports methodologies employed in different sport contexts (AU)

Game-Based Approaches' Pedagogical Principles: Exploring Task Constraints in Youth Soccer.

This study tested the use of two pedagogical principles of Game-based approaches, representation and exaggeration, in the context of game performance of U10 soccer players. Twenty-one players participated in two 3 vs. 3 small-sided games. The first small-sided game was modified by representation. The second small-sided game was modified by enhancing the penetration of the defense tactical problem for invasion games. Decision-making and execution were assessed using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool. No significant differences were observed between games in the number of decision-making units related to keeping possession, nor in those related to penetrating the defense. No significant differences were observed in any execution ability (ball control, passing, dribbling and get free movements). The findings suggested that both games could provide similar degeneracy processes to the players for skill acquisition (specific and contextualized task constraints in which they could develop their game performance and the capability to achieve different outcomes in varying contexts). Probably both games had similar learner-environment dynamics leading players to develop their capabilities for adapting their behaviours to the changing performance situations. More research is necessary, from the ecological dynamics point of view, to determine how we should use small-sided games in Game-based approaches.

Assessment of secondary school students' game performance related to tactical contexts.

Certain limitations remain unaddressed when utilizing the Teaching Games for Understanding approach, suggesting the need for more research on authentic assessment of skill development and tactical awareness in order to guide the design of developmentally appropriate curriculum materials. This study investigated physical education students' (n=19; age: 13.71 ± 0.4) game performance during an invasion game, specifically the relationship between their skill execution and decision-making ability. The purpose of the study was twofold: (a) to devise and implement a 'game context' approach to assess the game performance components and in doing so, (b) to provide information that could be used to design suitable learning progressions within tactical teaching approaches. Students' game performance was videotaped, and measures of skill execution and decision-making were developed from observational analyses. Decision-making was measured at two levels: a) decision making restricted to the selection of technical-tactical skills (i.e., passing, moving with the ball, getting free, marking, tackling, double teaming and interception; and b) decision-making in the adaptation to the tactical contexts of the game. Participants played a 5 vs. 5 modified eight-minute team handball game. Participants scored significantly higher in penetrating-the-defense context adaptation than in keeping-the-ball context adaptation. Participants showed a higher efficiency in decision-making than in execution in most of the technical-tactical skills; including on-the-ball over off-the-ball decision-making, and in attack compared to defensive execution. The findings also revealed significant relationships between decision-making and skill execution in shooting, tackling and passing.

Cambios en la empatía, la asertividad y las relaciones sociales por la aplicación del modelo de instrucción educación deportiva / Changes in empathy, assertiveness and social relations due to the implementation of the sport education model

La Educación Deportiva es un modelo de instrucción proveniente del mundo anglosajón cuyas principales metas son desarrollar en los alumnos el interés por el deporte, la cultura deportiva y los valores sociales. El objetivo de nuestro estudio ha sido contrastar las mejoras en la empatía, la asertividad y las relaciones sociales, habitualmente atribuidas cuando la Educación Física se imparte mediante este modelo. Para ello se ha implementado el modelo con un grupo de 21 sujetos (diez varones y 11 mujeres) de quinto de Educación Primaria durante 18 sesiones, evaluando en un pretest y un postest dichas variables. Para evaluar la empatía, la asertividad y las relaciones sociales se utilizaron el Cuestionario de evaluación de la empatía, la Escala de comportamiento asertivo para niños y un Cuestionario sociométrico, respectivamente. Los diferentes ANOVA realizados mostraron que el programa no ha mejorado la empatía, la asertividad, las conductas agresivas, los amigos positivos y los amigos negativos en el total del grupo. Sin embargo, sí se obtuvieron mejoras significativas en la disminución de las conductas pasivas en el total del grupo, la agresividad en función del rol desempeñado, el aumento del amigo positivo dentro del equipo al que se pertenece, y la disminución del amigo negativo en las niñas (AU)

Sport Education is an instruction model from the Anglo-Saxon context, whose main goals are to develop literate, enthusiastic and competent people. The aim of this study was to analyse the development of empathy, assertiveness and social relations that are usually attributed to this instructional model. Sport Education was implemented in an intact group of 21 subjects (10 boys and 11 girls) aged 10-11 years for 18 sessions, assessing variables using test-retest. The Empathy Questionnaire, Children’s Assertiveness Behaviour Scale and a Sociometric questionnaire were applied. Different ANOVA were conducted and results showed that the group did not improve its empathy, assertiveness, aggressiveness, positive friends or negative friends. However, significant differences were found in reducing passive behaviour in the whole group, aggressiveness in some roles and negative friends among girls. Significant differences were also found in increasing positive friends among the components of each team (AU)